8,967 research outputs found
Stable coronary syndromes: pathophysiology, diagnostic advances and therapeutic need
The diagnostic management of patients with angina pectoris typically centres on the detection of obstructive epicardial CAD, which aligns with evidence-based treatment options that include medical therapy and myocardial revascularisation. This clinical paradigm fails to account for the considerable proportion (approximately one-third) of patients with angina in whom obstructive CAD is excluded. This common scenario presents a diagnostic conundrum whereby angina occurs but there is no obstructive CAD (ischaemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease—INOCA). We review new insights into the pathophysiology of angina whereby myocardial ischaemia results from a deficient supply of oxygenated blood to the myocardium, due to various combinations of focal or diffuse epicardial disease (macrovascular), microvascular dysfunction or both. Macrovascular disease may be due to the presence of obstructive CAD secondary to atherosclerosis, or may be dynamic due to a functional disorder (eg, coronary artery spasm, myocardial bridging). Pathophysiology of coronary microvascular disease may involve anatomical abnormalities resulting in increased coronary resistance, or functional abnormalities resulting in abnormal vasomotor tone. We consider novel clinical diagnostic techniques enabling new insights into the causes of angina and appraise the need for improved therapeutic options for patients with INOCA. We conclude that the taxonomy of stable CAD could improve to better reflect the heterogeneous pathophysiology of the coronary circulation. We propose the term ‘stable coronary syndromes’ (SCS), which aligns with the well-established terminology for ‘acute coronary syndromes’. SCS subtends a clinically relevant classification that more fully encompasses the different diseases of the epicardial and microvascular coronary circulation
Solution of a singular integral equation by a split-interval method
The article is available at http://www.math.ualberta.ca/ijnam/Volume-4-2007/No-1-07/2007-01-05.pdf. This article is not available through the Chester Digital RepositoryThis article discusses a new numerical method for the solution of a singular integral equation of Volterra type that has an infinite class of solutions. The split-interval method is discussed and examples demonstrate its effectiveness
General Characteristics of a Airspeed System using Fuselage Static Vents on a Swept-Wing Airplane
Studies have been made by the NACA wing-flow method of the use of fuselage static orifices between the wing and tail of a swept-wing airplane for possible application to service airspeed installations. The tests were made at zero angle of attack. The results indicate that, although the maximum errors are large, these locations are usable from the consideration that the local Mach numbers at the locations studied are sensitive to variation of the true Mach number within the test Mach number range of 0.7 to 1.2. The maximum errors in Mach number in the subsonic range varied from zero for the most forward location to -0.05 for the most rearward location (indicated Mach number less than true). At Mach numbers above 1.0, the maximum errors were from 0.14 for the most forward location to 0.04 for the most rearward location
Energy Density-Flux Correlations in an Unusual Quantum State and in the Vacuum
In this paper we consider the question of the degree to which negative and
positive energy are intertwined. We examine in more detail a previously studied
quantum state of the massless minimally coupled scalar field, which we call a
``Helfer state''. This is a state in which the energy density can be made
arbitrarily negative over an arbitrarily large region of space, but only at one
instant in time. In the Helfer state, the negative energy density is
accompanied by rapidly time-varying energy fluxes. It is the latter feature
which allows the quantum inequalities, bounds which restrict the magnitude and
duration of negative energy, to hold for this class of states. An observer who
initially passes through the negative energy region will quickly encounter
fluxes of positive energy which subsequently enter the region. We examine in
detail the correlation between the energy density and flux in the Helfer state
in terms of their expectation values. We then study the correlation function
between energy density and flux in the Minkowski vacuum state, for a massless
minimally coupled scalar field in both two and four dimensions. In this latter
analysis we examine correlation functions rather than expectation values.
Remarkably, we see qualitatively similar behavior to that in the Helfer state.
More specifically, an initial negative energy vacuum fluctuation in some region
of space is correlated with a subsequent flux fluctuation of positive energy
into the region. We speculate that the mechanism which ensures that the quantum
inequalities hold in the Helfer state, as well as in other quantum states
associated with negative energy, is, at least in some sense, already
``encoded'' in the fluctuations of the vacuum.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures; published version with typos corrected and one
added referenc
Probability distributions of smeared quantum stress tensors
We obtain in closed form the probability distribution for individual
measurements of the stress-energy tensor of two-dimensional conformal field
theory in the vacuum state, smeared in time against a Gaussian test function.
The result is a shifted Gamma distribution with the shift given by the
previously known optimal quantum inequality bound. For small values of the
central charge it is overwhelmingly likely that individual measurements of the
sampled energy density in the vacuum give negative results. For the case of a
single massless scalar field, the probability of finding a negative value is
84%. We also report on computations for four-dimensional massless scalar fields
showing that the probability distribution of the smeared square field is also a
shifted Gamma distribution, but that the distribution of the energy density is
not.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure. Minor edits implemente
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Use of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Practice: Interactions between patients and physicians
We analyze the use of nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), an instrument that is widely used in diagnosing and determining the severity of depression. Using conversation analysis, we show how the doctor deploys the PHQ-9 in response to the patient's doubts about whether she is depressed. Rather than relaying the PHQ-9 verbatim, the doctor deviates from the wording so that the response options are selectively offered to upgrade the severity of the patient's symptoms. This works in favor of a positive diagnosis and is used to justify a treatment recommendation that the patient previously resisted. This contrasted with the rest of the data set, where diagnosis was either not delivered (as patients are presenting with ongoing problems) or delivered without using the PHQ-9. When clinician-administered, the PHQ-9 can be influenced by how response items are presented. This can lead to either downgrading or upgrading the severity of depression
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